Which system is responsible for involuntary bodily functions?

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary bodily functions, which are essential processes that operate without conscious control. This system regulates various functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and the reaction of glands. It has two main divisions—the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems—that help the body respond appropriately to different situations, whether that involves preparing for "fight or flight" scenarios or promoting rest and digestion.

In contrast, the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and the communication between the central nervous system and the skeletal muscles. The central nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal cord, processes information and directs responses but does not directly handle involuntary functions. The peripheral nervous system encompasses all nerves outside the central nervous system but is categorized into somatic and autonomic functions. Hence, the autonomic nervous system is uniquely positioned to manage involuntary actions that keep the body functioning smoothly without the need for conscious thought.